과학이란 무엇인가? > 교육학

저자들은 과학의 본성을 종합적으로 그리고 상세히 알려주기 위해 이 책을 집필했다. 과학지식의 구성요소와 각 요소의 본질적 속성, 과학적 방법의 발달과 그 종류 및 한계, 그리고 과학기술과 사회의 관계 및 과학윤리를 특별히 자세하게 제시했다. 아마도 인식론ㆍ형이상학ㆍ논리학ㆍ윤리학ㆍ과학철학의 관점에서 보면 이 책의 구조와 내용이 어쭙잖아 보일 수도 있을 것이다. 그러나 저자들은 그런 인식의 가능성을 감안하면서, 과학철학의 전문적 용어보다는 과학적 연구 또는 과학적 탐구 상황에 친숙한 용어로 내용을 기술했다. 과학의 본성에 관심이 있는 독자들이 좀 더 편안하게 받아들일 수 있게 하기 위해서였다.

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머리말 ·······················································································································3

서 론 ························································································································11

제1장 과학의 본성과 속성 ····························································································17

1. 과학의 정의 ···········································································································17

2. 과학의 가치 ···········································································································19

3. 과학의 목적 ···········································································································21

1) 기술 ·····················································································································23

2) 설명 ·····················································································································24

3) 이해 ·····················································································································24

4) 예상 ·····················································································································25

5) 통제 ·····················································································································26

4. 과학의 영역과 대상 ·································································································27

1) 순수/기초과학 ········································································································28

2) 응용과학 ···············································································································29

3) 과학기술 ···············································································································30

5. 과학에 대한 오인과 한계 ··························································································31

∙ 생각 정리하기 ··········································································································34

∙ 생각 나누기 ·············································································································35

제2장 과학의 분야별 역사와 발달 ··················································································37

1. 물리학의 발달과 특성 ······························································································37

2. 화학의 발달과 특성 ·································································································41

3. 생명과학의 발달과 특성 ···························································································43

4. 지구과학의 발달과 특성 ···························································································45

5. 통합과학/융합과학의 특성 ························································································47

∙ 생각 정리하기 ··········································································································49

∙ 생각 나누기 ·············································································································50

제3장 과학철학과 과학의 발달 모형 ···············································································51

1. 경험주의와 귀납적 추리 ···························································································53

1) 경험주의의 형성과 발달 ···························································································54

2) 귀납적 추리 방법의 특성과 한계 ················································································55

3) 유비추리와 실용성 ··································································································58

2. 합리주의와 연역적 추리 ···························································································59

1) 이성주의의 형성과 발달 ···························································································59

2) 연역적 추리 방법의 특성 ··························································································61

3) 이성주의의 문제와 한계 ···························································································63

3. 실증주의와 가설-연역적 추리 ···················································································64

1) 실증주의의 형성과 발달 ···························································································64

2) 조작주의와 조작적 정의 ···························································································67

3) 환원주의와 과학의 통일 ···························································································68

4) 가설-연역적 추리 ···································································································71

4. 반증주의와 귀추적 추리 ···························································································73

1) 반증주의의 형성과 특성 ···························································································74

2) 반증주의와 반증가능성 ····························································································75

3) 과학적 방법으로서의 귀추적 추리 방법 ·······································································76

4) 반증주의의 문제와 한계 ···························································································78

5. 반논리실증주의와 본체의 존재 논증 ···········································································79

1) 실재론의 정의와 대두 배경 ·······················································································80

2) 과학적 실재론 ········································································································83

3) 비판적 실재론 ········································································································86

6. 후실증주의와 사회적 합의 ························································································87

1) 쿤의 패러다임과 과학혁명 ························································································88

2) 라카토스의 연구프로그램과 과학의 분화 ·····································································91

3) 라우든의 연구전통과 과학의 점진적 발달 ····································································94

4) 구성주의와 사회적 합의를 통한 과학지식의 구성 ··························································97

5) 과학사회학과 과학지식사회학 ···················································································98

7. 과학지식의 검증과 진리의 판단 ·················································································99

1) 일치설 ················································································································100

2) 정합설 ················································································································100

3) 실용설 ················································································································101

4) 실증론과 반증론 ···································································································101

5) 사회적 합의 ·········································································································102

∙ 생각 정리하기 ········································································································103

∙ 생각 나누기 ···········································································································104

제4장 과학적 방법과 과학지식 ····················································································105

1. 과학적 사고와 사고실험 ·························································································105

1) 논리적 사고와 비판적 사고 ·····················································································107

2) 창의적 사고 ·········································································································108

3) 사고실험 ·············································································································110

2. 과학적 방법의 발달과 다양성 ··················································································111

1) 과학적 방법의 발달과 한계 ·····················································································112

2) 실험적-귀납적 방법의 발달과 한계 ··········································································114

3) 수학적-실험적 방법과 수학적-연역적 방법 그리고 물리적-수학적 연역법의 발달과 한계 ···116

3. 과학적 탐구 과정과 활동 ························································································118

1) 기초 탐구 과정 ·····································································································119

2) 통합 탐구 과정 ·····································································································124

3) 탐구 활동 ············································································································129

4. 과학지식의 구성과 가변적 특성 ···············································································134

1) 과학적 사실과 진실 ·······························································································135

2) 과학적 개념의 실체와 본질 ·····················································································137

3) 과학적 법칙과 일반화의 사실과 진실 ········································································138

4) 과학적 이론의 진리와 진상 ·····················································································140

5) 잠정적 법칙과 이론으로서 과학적 가설 ·····································································142

∙ 생각 정리하기 ········································································································144

∙ 생각 나누기 ···········································································································145

제5장 과학 및 과학기술과 사회 ···················································································147

1. 과학ㆍ과학기술ㆍ사회의 상호관계와 영향 ·································································148

1) STS의 정의와 과학관 ·····························································································148

2) 과학과 과학기술의 관계 ·························································································149

3) 과학ㆍ과학기술ㆍ사회의 관계와 상호작용 ·································································151

2. 과학자의 일과 사회적 역할 ·····················································································152

1) 과학자란? ···········································································································152

2) 과학자가 하는 일과 역할 ························································································154

3) 과학자의 의무와 책임 ····························································································155

3. 과학 및 과학기술 윤리 ···························································································157

1) 윤리학과 생명윤리 ································································································158

2) 과학지식과 과학기술의 응용 관련 윤리적 문제 ···························································158

3) 과학적 연구 관련 윤리적 문제 ·················································································160

4) 과학적 연구 결과 발표 관련 윤리적 문제 ···································································161

4. 과학과 종교의 관계 ·······························································································162

1) 자연철학 속의 종교와 과학 ·····················································································163

2) 종교와 과학의 차이 ·······························································································164

3) 종교와 과학의 관계 모형 ························································································167

4) 현대사회에서 종교와 과학 ······················································································171

∙ 생각 정리하기 ········································································································174

∙ 생각 나누기 ···········································································································175

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저자소개

​박재용

1998년 강원대학교 사범대학 과학교육과 B.S.

2007년 한국교원대학교 지구과학교육전공 Ed.M.

2012년 강원대학교 과학교육학과, Ed.D.

2018-서울교육대학교 과학교육과 교수

저서:《과학 수행평가》

역서:《중ㆍ고등학교 과학수업》, 《과학 교사 PCK 재개념화: 개선된 합의 모델(RCM)의 이해와 적용》

이영희

1993년 단국대학교 사범대학 과학교육과 B.S.

2001년 이화여자대학교 일반대학원 과학교육과 Ed.M.

2007 미국 University of Houston, Ed.D.

2008-2012 미국 University of Houston 강의교수

2013-2014 Texas Southern University 전임교수

2014-현재 단국대학교 교육대학원 교육학과 교수

저서:≪과학의 본성≫, ≪과학적 사고와 인간≫, ≪과학적 탐구≫, ≪미래교육이 시작되다≫ 외

조희형

1974년 서울대학교 사범대학 생물교육과 B.S.

1983년 미국 Purdue University, Ph.D.

1984-2015년 강원대학교 과학교육학부 교수

2015-강원대학교 과학교육학부 명예교수

저서:《그리스도교에 대한 과학과 과학기술의 도전 그리고 화해》(2024), 《과학 교육론과 지도법》(2022) 외 15권

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